I like Kusamakura or Grass pillow or The Three-cornered World very much probably because I am an amateur and Sunday painter. I have read this short novel many times. You will find many difficult old Chinese words in some Chapters (Chapter 1, Chapter 5, for instance) but fortunately most of these words are not very important. Soseki used these difficult words intentionally, not for showing off his knowledge, of course, but for creating some atmosphere, say somewhere in remote from the real world or as some critic says "to create some abstractness" - in a sense of abstract paintings - things difficult to grasp. The stories and the painter's opinions of chapter 6 and Chapter 7 may relate this.
The plot is very simple - or we could say no plot as a novel. A young painter goes to a hot spring with sketch books and oil painting tools. Soseki himself made some oriental style paintings and made some poems (Japanese style Haiku and Chinese style). You cannot see paintings of this painter but find his poems in this novel. My interest is the views of paintings of his (this painter or Soseki) shown in this novel.
Japanese
From: http://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000148/files/776_14941.html
English
http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=lGcT3yD0rdkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
Chapter 1
This novel begins with the following well known sentences.
山路を登りながら、こう考えた。
智に働けば角が立つ。情に棹させば流される。意地を通せば窮屈だ。とかくに人の世は住みにくい。
Going up a mountain track, I fell to thinking.
Approach everything rationally, and you become harsh. Pole in the steam of emotions, and you will be swept away by the current. Give free rein to your desires, and you become uncomfortably confined. It is not a very agreeable place to live, the world of ours.
My note - 1
<Give free rein to your desires, and you become uncomfortably confined.> will be difficult to understand because <when you give free rein to your desires> why <you become uncomfortably confined.>. The original Japanese <意地を通せば> is not equal to <when you give free rein to your desires>. This Japanese is more like <when you try to keep your own way through> or <when you try to keep your own belief through>.
Ref. Penguin Books - Kunasamakura
Demanding your own way only serves to constrain you.
住みにくさが高じると、安い所へ引き越したくなる。どこへ越しても住みにくいと悟った時、詩が生れて、画が出来る。
When the unpleasantness increases, you want to draw yourself up to some place where life is easier. It is just at the point when you first realize that life will be no more agreeable no matter what heights you may attain, that a poem may be given birth or a picture created.
越す事のならぬ世が住みにくければ、住みにくい所をどれほどか、寛容て、束の間の命を、束の間でも住みよくせねばならぬ。ここに詩人という天職が出来て、ここに画家という使命が降る。あらゆる芸術の士は人の世を長閑にし、人の心を豊かにするが故に尊
There is no escape from this world. If, therefore, you find life hard, there is nothing to be done but settle yourself as comfortably as you can during the unpleasant times, although you may only succeed in this for a short periods, and thus make life's brief span bearable. It is here that the vocation of the artist comes into being, and here that the painter receives his divine commission. Thanks heaven for all those in devious ways by their art, brings tranquility to the world, and enrich men's hearts.
My note -2
I wonder why <in devious ways> is put into , which is not shown in the original Japanese.
This part shows the writer's opinion on the purpose of art - not <art for art's sake>. However this view <brings tranquility to the world, and enrich men's hearts> is little elaborated in the novel.
住みにくき世から、住みにくき煩いを引き抜いて、ありがたい世界をまのあたりに写すのが詩である、画である。あるは音楽と彫刻である。こまかに云えば写さないでもよい。ただまのあたりに見れば、そこに詩も生き、歌も湧く。
Strip off from the world all those cares and worries which make it an unpleasant place in which to live, and picture before you instead a world of graciousness. You now have music, a painting, or poetry or sculpture. I would go farther, and say that is is not even necessary to make this vision a reality. Merely conjure up the image before your eyes, and poetry will burst into life and songs pour forth.
My note - 3
The literal translation of the original is as follows:
To copy a world of graciousness which is attained after striping off from the world all those cares and worries which make it an unpleasant place in which to live is music, a painting, or poetry or sculpture. I would go farther, and say that is is not even necessary to make a copy. Merely conjure up an image of a world of graciousness in your minds, and poetry will burst into life and songs pour forth.
The Japanese word ありがたい (a-ri-ga-ta-i) is an adjective and may mean "gracious" but it originally means "cannot be" or "non existent". So we could also say <To copy a non-existent world which is attained after striping off from the world all those cares and worries which ...... >.
着想を紙に落さぬとも
Before even committing your thoughts to paper, you will feel the crystal tinkling, as of a tiny bell, well up within you; and the whole range of colours will of their own accord, and in all their brilliance, imprint themselves on your mind's eye, though your canvas stands on its easel, as yet untouched by the brush. It is enough that you are able to take this view of life, and see this decadent, sullied and vulgar world purified and beautiful world in the camera of your innermost soul. Even the poet whose thoughts have never found expression in a single verse, or the painter whose possesses no colours, and never painted so much as a single square foot of canvas, can obtain salvation, and be delivered from earthly desires and passions. They can enter at will a world of undefiled purity, and throwing off the yoke of avarice and self interest, are able to build up a peerless and unequalled universe. Thus in all this, they are happier than the rich and famous; than any lord and price who ever lived, happier indeed than all those on whom their vulgar world vanishes her affections.
My note -4
This part is difficult for even aged and educated Japanese to read in the original without help of some dictionary because many difficult old Chinese words are used. The English translation is easier and good, and I want to know how the translator (Alan Turney) did it.
This part shows another purpose or merit of art - salvation of soul and inner world of artists. The word <salvation> is not used in the original but <being able to strip off from the world all those cares and worries> and <be delivered from earthly desires and passions> are a kind of salvation of soul, and which can be achieved by practice of art. This is not <art for art's sake> either. This idea is developed in the later chapters.
Chapter 3
その後旅もいろいろしたが、こんな気持になった事は、今夜この那古井へ宿るまではかつて無かった。
仰向に寝ながら、偶然目を開けて見ると欄間に、朱塗りの縁をとった額がかかっている。文字は寝ながらも竹影払階塵不動と明らかに読まれる。大徹という落款もたしかに見える。余は書においては皆無鑒識のない男だが、平生から、黄檗の高泉和尚の筆致を愛している。隠元も即非も木庵もそれぞれに面白味はあるが、高泉の字が一番蒼勁でしかも雅馴である。今この七字を見ると、筆のあたりから手の運び具合、どうしても高泉としか思われない。しかし現に大徹とあるからには別人だろう。ことによると黄檗に大徹という坊主がいたかも知れぬ。それにしては紙の色が非常に新しい。どうしても昨今のものとしか受け取れない。
Since that time I had been on many trips, but nit until now on my first night in Nakoi, had I felt like this again.
I was lying dozing in bed when, opening my eyes, I happened to see head up on the wall a scroll in a red-lacquered frame. Even lying on my back as I was, I could read clearly the Chinese characters written on it. They say
Bamboo sweeps across the strairs,
But no dust rises
For 'tis but a shadow
My note - 5
The scroll is not the right word as this (calligraphy) has only seven Chinese characters and written on paper horizontally and highly likely from right to left (the olde style in writing in Chinese) put in red-lacquered frame, which is placed horizontally at a high position . The English translation of the writing is very good.
大徹という落款もたしかに見える。余は書においては皆無鑒識のない男だが、平生から、黄檗の高泉和尚の筆致を愛している。隠元も即非も木庵もそれぞれに面白味はあるが、高泉の字が一番蒼勁でしかも雅馴である。今この七字を見ると、筆のあたりから手の運び具合、どうしても高泉としか思われない。しかし現に大徹とあるからには別人だろう。ことによると黄檗に大徹という坊主がいたかも知れぬ。それにしては紙の色が非常に新しい。どうしても昨今のものとしか受け取れない。
It was signed 'Daitetsu'. I am by no means a connoisseur of art, but I have always loved the styles of calligraphy of Takaizumi who was a priest of the Obaku sect. Ogen, Sokuhi, and Mokuan, all had their good points too, but Takaizumi's writing is the boldest and the most elegant of all. Looked at these characters on the scroll, I was certain that the this had been written by Takaizumi, because of the light and shade in the strokes, and because of the movement of brush. But the signature 'Daitetsu' showed that infact, I was mistaken. Perhaps, I thought 'Daitetsu' had also been a priest of the Obaku sect. If this were so, however, I could not count for the fact that the paper looked so extraordinarily new. Yes tthere was no doubt about it, this scroll had been made very recently.
My note - 6
Takaizumi should be pronounced Kosen and Ogen should be Yingen. These four priests all came from China in 1600s (late Ming dynasty in China) to spread Zen Buddhism.
<I am by no means a connoisseur of art> means <I am by no means a connoisseur of calligraphy> and a humble expression as his comment on this calligraphy is of a connoisseur. Calligraphy is a visual art and made by the same brushes, ink (usually black) and paper as the Chinese paintings but more spiritual than paintings. Like paintings stroke is very important.
This part introduces 'Daitetsu', a priest (Zen Buddhism), whom the painter will meet later. So we can call this part a kind of plot. We can find this kind of plot in some other places though not many and complicated. Soseki is a novelist anyway. The Obaku sect is Zen Buddhism.
横を向く。床にかかっている若冲の鶴の図が目につく。これは商売柄だけに、部屋に這入った時、すでに逸品と認めた。若冲の図は大抵精緻な彩色ものが多いが、この鶴は世間に気兼なしの一筆がきで、一本足ですらりと立った上に、卵形の胴がふわっと乗かっている様子は、はなはだ吾意を得て、飄逸の趣は、長い嘴のさきまで籠っている。
Looking sideways, my eyes lighted on a picture of a crane by Jakuchu hanging in an alcove. When I entered first the room my professional instinct had told me immediately that this was a masterpiece. Most Jakuchu's pictures are full of the most delicate colours, but this crane ad been painted with one stroke of the brush, making no concession to popular taste. The way in which the egg-shaped body perched on lightly on the one slender leg on which the crane was standing, showed that the artist had painted this to suit himself. His light-heartedness and disregard convention were expressed right down to the tip of the bird's beak.
して見ると四角な世界から常識と名のつく、一角を磨滅して、三角のうちに住むのを芸術家と呼んでもよかろう。
Putting as a formula, I suppose you could say that an artist is a person who lives in the triangle which remains after the angle which we may call common sense has been removed from their four-cornered world.
My note - 7
The English title The Three-cornered World comes from this part.
この故に天然にあれ、人事にあれ、衆俗の辟易して近づきがたしとなすところにおいて、芸術家は無数の琳琅を見、無上の宝
Because of this lack of common sense, the artist is not afraid to approach those areas, both in natural and in man-made world, from which the average person shrinks back, and in consequence is able to find the exquisite pearl of beauty. This portrayal beauty where it is commonly believed that none exists, is generally called 'poetic embellishment'. It is nothing for embellishment, since in all things there lies beneath the surface an intrinsic beauty which is reality, and which has always existed in all brilliance merely waiting to be discovered. The reason why nobody approached the beauty there is as a steam engine before Turner depicted it on canvas, or that a ghost may be a thing of beauty until Ohkyo pointed is threehold,. First most people walk around in s stupor, half blinded by mandate mature f their thoughts; secondly the fetters and bars of mediocrity make this world a difficult place to break out of; and finally, the man in the street, is constantly being goaded by worries of whether or not such and such will set him to a good reputation, or whether a certain course of action will be his advantage.
My note -8
This part, again, difficult for even Japanese to read in the original without help of some dictionary because many difficult old Chinese words are used. The English translation is easier and good.
This is an additional explanation of The Three-cornered World. This is true. Professional people, either an artist - a painter, poet, musician or not such as an architect, engineer, economist, politician, farmer, merchant, industrialist, see the world differently. An artist has more chances to find and see a hidden beauty which is everywhere but non artist cannot see well. Like the author says, common sense hinders the ability to find and see a hidden beauty. And an artist must express the hidden beauty he/she has found - which is an artistic creation. The painter in the novel shows some artistic creations in poem but not in paintings. But the process - removing common sense from their four-cornered world - can apply to a painting, especially so called "literati paintings"or Zen paintings. Let me try anyway.
-----
The painter's opinions continue to be found here and there in the novel, and especially in Chapter 6. But from here onward this free internet version is unavailable so English translation will be made by sptt. This job will be not easy as the Soseki continued to use difficult old Chinese words in the arguments on arts.
Chapter 6
踏むは地と思えばこそ、裂けはせぬかとの気遣も起る。戴くは天と知る故に、稲妻の米噛に震う怖も出来る。人と争わねば一分が立たぬと浮世が催促するから、火宅の苦は免かれぬ。東西のある乾坤に住んで、利害の綱を渡らねばならぬ身には、事実の恋は讎である。目に見る富は土である。握る名と奪える誉とは、小賢かしき蜂が甘く醸すと見せて、針を棄て去る蜜のごときものであろう。いわゆる楽は物に着するより起るが故に、あらゆる苦しみを含む。ただ詩人と画客なるものあって、飽くまでこの待対世界の精華を嚼んで、徹骨徹髄の清きを知る。霞を餐し、露を嚥み、紫を品し、紅を評して、死に至って悔いぬ。彼らの楽は物に着するのではない。同化してその物になるのである。その物になり済ました時に、我を樹立すべき余地は茫々たる大地を極めても見出し得ぬ。自在に泥団を放下して、破笠裏に無限の青嵐を盛る。いたずらにこの境遇を拈出するのは、敢て市井の銅臭児の鬼嚇して、好んで高く標置するがためではない。ただ這裏の福音を述べて、縁ある衆生を麾くのみである。有体に云えば詩境と云い、画界と云うも皆人々具足の道である。春秋に指を折り尽して、白頭に呻吟するの徒といえども、一生を回顧して、閲歴の波動を順次に点検し来るとき、かつては微光の臭骸に洩れて、吾を忘れし、拍手の興を喚び起す事が出来よう。出来ぬと云わば生甲斐のない男である。
されど一事に即し、一物に化するのみが詩人の感興とは云わぬ。ある時は一弁の花に化し、あるときは一双の蝶に化し、あるはウォーヅウォースのごとく、一団の水仙に化して、心を沢風の裏に撩乱せしむる事もあろうが、何とも知れぬ四辺の風光にわが心を奪われて、わが心を奪えるは那物ぞとも明瞭に意識せぬ場合がある。ある人は天地の耿気に触るると云うだろう。ある人は無絃の琴を霊台に聴くと云うだろう。またある人は知りがたく、解しがたき故に無限の域に
余は明かに何事をも考えておらぬ。ま たはたしかに何物をも見ておらぬ。わが意識の舞台に著るしき色彩をもって動くものがないから、われはいかなる事物に同化したとも云えぬ。されども吾は動い ている。世の中に動いてもおらぬ、世の外にも動いておらぬ。ただ何となく動いている。花に動くにもあらず、鳥に動くにもあらず、人間に対して動くにもあら ず、ただ恍惚と動いている。
強いて説明せよと云わるるならば、余が心はただ春と共に動いていると云いたい。あらゆる春の色、春の風、春の物、春の声を打って、固めて、仙丹に練り上げて、それを蓬莱の霊液に溶いて、桃源の日で蒸発せしめた精気が、知らぬ間に毛孔から染み込んで、心が知覚せぬうちに飽和されてしまったと云いたい。普通の同化には刺激がある。刺激があればこそ、愉快であろう。余の同化には、何と同化したか不分明であるから、毫も刺激がない。刺激がないから、窈然として名状しがたい楽がある。風に揉まれて上の空なる波を起す、軽薄で騒々しい趣とは違う。目に見えぬ幾尋の底を、大陸から大陸まで動いている
この境界を画にして見たらどうだろうと考えた。しかし普通の画にはならないにきまっている。
われらが俗に画と称するものは、ただ眼前の人事風光をありのままなる姿として、もしくはこれをわが審美眼に漉過して、絵絹の上に移したものに過ぎぬ。花が花と見え、水が水と映り、人物が人物として活動すれば、画の能事は終ったものと考えられている。もしこの上に一頭地を抜けば、わが感じたる物象を、わが感じたるままの趣を添えて、画布の上に淋漓として生動させる。ある特別の感興を、己が捕えたる森羅の裡に寓するのがこの種の技術家の主意であるから、彼らの見たる物象観が明瞭に筆端に迸しっておらねば、画を製作したとは云わぬ。己れはしかじかの事を、しかじかに観、しかじかに感じたり、その観方も感じ方も、前人の籬下に立ちて、古来の伝説に支配せられたるにあらず、しかももっとも正しくして、もっとも美くしきものなりとの主張を示す作品にあらざれば、わが作と云うをあえてせぬ。
So called pictures are just those what things, people and scenery before us are copied on to a canvas as they look or through my aesthetic sense. When a picture of a flower looks like the flower, a picture of water looks like the water, a picture of person looks like the person picture making is considered to have been done. Taking a step farther up or breaking through one barrier you should vividly express the object by adding your own special taste which you get by seeing the object. This special taste can be attained in the nature and world only through some artistic techniques you have developed so that without these special taste clearly expressed in a painting the painting cannot be considered as completed. I would not dare say that unless the painting I made by seeing such and such object directly, feeling it directly was created though my own ways of seeing and feeling, independent from the artists in past, free from the old traditions, apparently showing the most right and most beautiful one.
My Note - 9
This part is not a particular Soseki's view and opinion but one of the key issues of very good, valuable (having some value to see) paintings. This can be attained only though a long and constant, restless pursue of real beauty and practice. A really good painting shows a trace of these constant, restless pursue of real beauty and practice. In the Chinese paintings world, either traditional or Western style, a painter who has achieved these is called 大师(da-shi) or Great Master and his paintings are praised as having 风格(feng-ge) or "Style".
"Style" here means a lot, maybe you can write a large volume of book(s). This is a key word of arts.
この二種の製作家に主客深浅の区別はあるかも知れぬが、明瞭なる外界の刺激を待って、始めて手を下すのは双方共同一である。されど今、わが描かんとする題目は、さほどに分明なものではない。あらん限りの感覚を鼓舞して、これを心外に物色したところで、方円の形、紅緑の色は無論、濃淡の陰、洪繊の線を見出しかねる。わが感じは外から来たのではない、たとい来たとしても、わが視界に横わる、一定の景物でないから、これが源因だと指を挙げて明らかに人に示す訳に行かぬ。あるものはただ心持ちである。この心持ちを、どうあらわしたら画になるだろう――否この心持ちをいかなる具体を藉りて、人の合点するように髣髴せしめ得るかが問題である。
These two types of painters(*), though the degree of subjectivity and objectivity may differ, both start trying to initiate a painting only after receiving a certain clear stimulus from the outer world. However what I am now trying to make a painting is not caused by a certain clear stimulus. Even if I use all my available feelings to the maximum extent to try to find in the outer world, I cannot find out any particular rectangular or round shapes, any red or green colors, any deep or pale shades, any fine or bold lines. This feeling does not come from the outer world. Even if it may come from he outer world, as there is no certain object lying in my view, I cannot point out and show yow what make me feel like this. The only thing which exists is a feeling and emotion. How can I exhibit this feeling and emotion in a painting. The question is how to show vividly
this feeling and emotion by using some concrete object and to make viewers of my painting understand and get the point.
My Note - 10
These two types of painters(*)
The two types may be
1) a painter who makes pictures as they are just those what things, people and scenery before him/her are copied on to a canvas as they look
2) a painter who makes pictures as they are just those what things, people and scenery before him/her are made on to a canvas through his/her aesthetic sense.
普通の画は感じはなくても物さえあれば出来る。第二の画は物と感じと両立すればできる。第三に至っては存するものはただ心持ちだけであるから、画にするには是非共この心持ちに恰好なる対象を択ばなければならん。しかるにこの対象は容易に出て来ない。出て来ても容易に纏らない。纏っても自然界に存するものとは丸で趣を異にする場合がある。したがって普通の人から見れば画とは受け取れない。描いた当人も自然界の局部が再現したものとは認めておらん、ただ感興の上した刻下の心持ちを幾分でも伝えて、多少の生命を
惜しい事に雪舟、蕪村らの力めて描出した一種の気韻は、あまりに単純でかつあまりに変化に乏しい。筆力の点から云えばとうていこれらの大家に及ぶ訳はないが、今わが画にして見ようと思う心持ちはもう少し複雑である。複雑であるだけにどうも一枚のなかへは感じが収まりかねる。頬杖をやめて、両腕を机の上に組んで考えたがやはり出て来ない。色、形、調子が出来て、自分の心が、ああここにいたなと、たちまち自己を認識するようにかかなければならない。生き別れをした吾子を尋ね当てるため、六十余州を回国して、寝ても寤めても、忘れる間がなかったある日、十字街頭にふと邂逅して、稲妻の遮ぎるひまもなきうちに、あっ、ここにいた、と思うようにかかなければならない。それがむずかしい。この調子さえ出れば、人が見て何と云っても構わない。画でないと罵られても恨はない。いやしくも色の配合がこの心持ちの一部を代表して、線の曲直がこの気合の幾分を表現して、全体の配置がこの風韻のどれほどかを伝えるならば、形にあらわれたものは、牛であれ馬であれ、ないしは牛でも馬でも、何でもないものであれ、厭わない。厭わないがどうも出来ない。写生帖を机の上へ置いて、両眼が帖のなかへ落ち込むまで、工夫したが、とても物にならん。
鉛筆を置いて考えた。こんな抽象的な興趣を画にしようとするのが、そもそもの間違である。人間にそう変りはないから、多くの人のうちにはきっと自分と同じ感興に触れたものがあって、この感興を何らの手段かで、永久化せんと試みたに相違ない。試みたとすればその手段は何だろう。
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